一、作定语(与被修饰词是被动关系)
过去分词作定语时,通常放在被修饰名词的前面或后面,用来表示被动或完成的动作。
前置定语:单个过去分词一般放在名词前
This is a broken cup.(这是一个破杯子。)
I received a written notice.(我收到了一份书面通知。)
后置定语:过去分词短语一般放在名词后,相当于定语从句
The girl invited to the party is my classmate.(被邀请参加派对的女孩是我的同学,相当于who was invited...)
The book written by Lu Xun is very popular.(鲁迅写的这本书很受欢迎,相当于which was written...)
二、作表语
过去分词作表语时,位于系动词(如be, feel, look, seem等)之后,用来描述主语的状态,此时过去分词更像形容词。
I am interested in this story.(我对这个故事感兴趣。)
The door remained locked.(门还是锁着的。)
He looks tired after the long journey.(长途旅行后他看起来很疲惫。)
三、 作宾语补足语(与宾语是被动关系)
过去分词作宾语补足语时,常放在宾语之后,用来补充说明宾语的状态或动作,常见于have/get sth. done, see/watch/hear sth. done等结构中。
I had my hair cut yesterday.(我昨天剪了头发。)
We saw the old house pulled down.(我们看到那座老房子被拆除了。)
He wants his homework finished before dinner.(他想在晚饭前完成作业。)
四、作状语(与句子的主语是被动关系)
过去分词作状语时,可表示时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随等,其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语,且与主语之间是被动关系。
时间状语:Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks beautiful.(从山顶看,这座城市很美,相当于When it is seen...)
原因状语:Frightened by the noise, the child cried.(因为被噪音吓到,孩子哭了,相当于Because he was frightened...)
条件状语:Given more time, we can do it better.(如果给更多时间,我们能做得更好,相当于If we are given...)
伴随状语:He sat there, lost in thought.(他坐在那里,陷入了沉思。)
让步状语 : Criticized by everyone, he still stuck to his own opinion. (尽管被所有人批评,他仍坚持己见。)
